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Marcomannic Wars
The Marcomannic Wars (Latin: ''bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum'', "German and Sarmatian War")〔CAH XI 180〕〔Inscription CIL VI 41271: memorial to the procurator Lucius Gallus Iulianus, who repelled the Costoboci invasion of the Balkans in AD 170, ''tempore belli Germanici et Sarmatici'' ("at the time of the German and Sarmatian War") (); see also: CIL VI 41129 (); AE (1956) 124 ()〕 were a series of wars lasting over a dozen years from about AD 166 until 180. These wars pitted the Roman Empire against, principally, the Germanic Marcomanni and Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges as well as related conflicts with several other barbarian peoples along both sides of the whole length of the Roman Empire's northeastern European border, the river Danube. The struggle against the Germans and Sarmatians occupied the major part of the reign of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, and it was during his campaigns against them that he started writing his philosophical work ''Meditations'', whose book 1 bears the note "Among the Quadi at the Granua".〔(''Meditations'', Book 1, at the Internet Classics Archive )〕
==Background==
During the years succeeding the rule of Antoninus Pius, the Roman Empire began to be attacked upon all sides. A war with Parthia lasted from 161 to 166 (under the joint rule of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus), and although it ended successfully, its unforeseen consequences for the Empire were great. The returning troops brought with them a plague (the so-called Antonine Plague), which would eventually kill an estimated 5 million people,〔(BBC: Past pandemics that ravaged Europe ), 7 November 2005〕 severely weakening the Empire. At the same time, in Central Europe, the first movements of the Great Migrations were occurring, as the Goths began moving south-east from their ancestral lands at the mouth of River Vistula (see Wielbark culture), putting pressure on the Germanic tribes from the north and east. As a result, Germanic tribes and other nomadic peoples launched raids south and west across Rome's northern border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube.
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